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FRENCH INDOCHINA WAR
AMERICAN-VIETNAM-WAR FRENCH-INDOCHINA
CIVIL WAR S/A 1898 WW1 WWII
KOREAN WAR INDO CHINA WAR VIETNAM WAR DESERT STORM IRAQ AFGHANTISTAN SPECIAL FORCES
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| MONTGOMERY | 11TH AIRBORNE | GERMAN JUNGHANS | WWII TARAWA | 101ST |
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| DIEN BIEN PHU | SEALS RIVER RATS | MEDIC CORPMAN | WWII AVIATION | WWII NAVY AIR |
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| WWII TIMERS | WWII BRITISH | WWII ARMY AIR | NY FIREMAN | FRANK BUCK |
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| SPANISH AMER | WWI IST INF | CIVIL WAR | RESTORATION | STUDIO GALLERY |
THANKS TO WIKIPEDIA FOR BULK OF THE BASE INFO.
GSW/MWB DOES NOT PROVIDE POLITICAL STANDS /INFO HEREIN
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POLITICAL INFO WITH BOXES
French Indochina (French: Indochine française; Vietnamese:
Đông Duong thu?c Pháp, pronounced [?o?m z??? t?u?`k fap], frequently abbreviated to
Đông Pháp) was part of the French colonial empire in southeast Asia. A federation of
the three Vietnamese regions, Tonkin (North), Annam (Central), and Cochinchina (South), as
well as Cambodia, was formed in 1887.
Laos was added in 1893 and Kouang-Tchéou-Wan in 1900. The capital was moved from Saigon
(in Cochinchina) to Hanoi (Tonkin) in 1902. During World War II, the colony was
administered by Vichy France and was under Japanese occupation. Beginning in May 1941, the
Viet Minh, a communist army led by Ho Chi Minh, began a revolt against French rule known
as the First Indochina War.
In Saigon, the anti-Communist State of Vietnam, led by former Emperor B?o Đ?i, was
granted independence in 1949. Following the Geneva Accord of 1954, the Viet Minh became
the government of North Vietnam, although the B?o Đ?i government continued to rule in
South Vietnam.
Contents [hide]
1 First French interventions
2 Establishment of French Indochina
2.1 Vietnamese rebellions
2.2 Franco-Siamese war (1893)
2.3 Further encroachments on Siam (1904–1907)
2.4 Viet Nam Quoc Dan Dang
2.5 French-Thai War (1940–1941)
3 World War II
4 First Indochina War
5 Geneva Agreements
6 See also
7 References
8 References
[edit] First French interventionsMain articles: France-Vietnam relations and French
assistance to Nguy?n Ánh
Portrait of crown prince Nguy?n Phúc C?nh in France, 1787.France-Vietnam relations
started as early as the 17th century with the mission of the Jesuit, Father Alexandre de
Rhodes. At this time, Vietnam was only just beginning to occupy the Mekong Delta, former
territory of the Indianized kingdom of Champa they had defeated in 1471.[1] European
involvement in Vietnam was confined to trade during the 18th century. In 1787, Pigneau de
Béhaine petitioned the French government and organized French military volunteers to aid
Nguy?n Ánh in retaking lands lost to the Tây Son. Pigneau died in Viet Nam, his troops
fought on until 1802 in the French assistance to Nguy?n Ánh.
France was heavily involved in Vietnam in the 19th century; protecting the work of the
Paris Foreign Missions Society in the country was often presented as a justification. For
its part, the Nguy?n Dynasty increasingly saw Catholic missionaries as a political threat;
courtesans, for example, an influential faction in the dynastic system, feared for their
status in a society influenced by an insistence on monogamy.
In 1858, the brief period of unification under the Nguy?n Dynasty ended with a successful
attack on Da Nang by Charles Rigault de Genouilly. Diplomat Charles de Montigny's mission
having failed, Genouilly's mission was to stop attempts to expel Catholic missionaries.
His orders, from Napoleon III, were to stop the persecution of missionaries and assure the
unimpeded propagation of the faith.[2] In September, 14 French gunships, 3,000 men and 300
Filipino troops provided by the Spanish,[3] attacked the port of Tourane (present day Da
Nang), causing significant damages, and occupying the city. After a few months, Rigault
had to leave the city due to supply issues and illnesses.[2]
Sailing south, De Genouilly then captured the poorly defended city of Sai Gon (present day
Ho Chi Minh City), on 18 February 1859. On 13 April 1862, the Vietnamese government was
forced to cede the territories of Biên Ḥa, Gia Đ?nh and Dinh Tuong to France. De
Genouilly was criticized for his actions and was replaced by Admiral Page in November
1859, with instructions to obtain a treaty protecting the Catholic faith in Vietnam, but
not to try to obtain territorial gains.[2] However, French policy four years later saw a
reversal; French territory in Viet Nam continued to accumulate. In 1862, France obtained
concessions from Emperor T? Đ?c, ceding three treaty ports in Annam and Tonkin, and all
of Cochinchina, the latter being formally declared a French territory in 1864. In 1867 the
provinces of Chau Doc, Ha Tien and Vinh Long were added to French controlled territory.
In 1863, the Cambodian king Norodom had requested the establishment of a French
protectorate over his country. In 1867, Siam (modern Thailand) renounced suzerainty over
Cambodia and officially recognized the 1863 French protectorate on Cambodia, in exchange
for the control of Battambang and Siem Reap provinces which officially became part of
Thailand (These provinces would be ceded back to Cambodia by a border treaty between
France and Siam in 1906).
[edit] Establishment of French Indochina
French marine infantrymen in Tonkin, 1884
Expansion of French Indochina (in blue).France obtained control over northern Vietnam
following its victory over China in the Sino-French war (1884–1885). French Indochina
was formed in October 1887 from Annam, Tonkin, Cochinchina (which together form modern
Vietnam) and the Kingdom of Cambodia; Laos was added after the Franco-Siamese War.
The federation lasted until 1954. In the four protectorates, the French formally left the
local rulers in power, who were the Emperors of Vietnam, Kings of Cambodia, and Kings of
Luang Prabang, but in fact gathered all powers in their hands, the local rulers acting
only as figureheads.
[edit] Vietnamese rebellionsFrench troops landed in Vietnam in 1858 and by the mid 1880s
they had established a firm grip over the northern region. From 1885 to 1895, Phan Đ́nh
Phùng led a rebellion against the colonizing power. Nationalist sentiments intensified in
Vietnam, especially during and after World War I, but all the uprisings and tentative
efforts failed to obtain any concessions from the French overseers.
[edit] Franco-Siamese war (1893)Main article: Franco-Siamese War of 1893
Siamese army in the disputed territory of Laos in 1893.Territorial conflict in the
Indochinese peninsula for the expansion of French Indochina led to the Franco-Siamese War
of 1893. In 1893 the French authorities in Indochina used border disputes, followed by the
Paknam naval incident, to provoke a crisis. French gunboats appeared at Bangkok, and
demanded the cession of Lao territories east of the Mekong. King Chulalongkorn appealed to
the British, but the British minister told the King to settle on whatever terms he could
get, and he had no choice but to comply. Britain's only gesture was an agreement with
France guaranteeing the integrity of the rest of Siam. In exchange, Siam had to give up
its claim to the Tai-speaking Shan region of north-eastern Burma to the British, and cede
Laos to France.
[edit] Further encroachments on Siam (1904–1907)
Occupation of Trat by French troops in 1904.The French, however, continued to pressure
Siam, and in 1906–1907 they manufactured another crisis. This time Siam had to
concede French control of territory on the west bank of the Mekong opposite Luang Prabang
and around Champasak in southern Laos, as well as western Cambodia. France also occupied
the western part of Chantaburi. In 1904, in order to get back Chantaburi Siam had to give
Trat to French Indochina. Trat became part of Thailand again on March 23, 1906 in exchange
for many areas east of the Mekong river like Battambang, Siam Nakhon and Sisophon.
French Indochina in 1913.In the 1930s, Siam engaged France in a series of talks concerning
the repatriation of Siamese provinces held by the French. In 1938, under the Front
Populaire administration in Paris, France had agreed to repatriate Angkor Wat, Angkor
Thom, Siam Reap, Siam Pang and the associated provinces (approximately 13) to Siam.
Meanwhile, Siam took over control of those areas, in anticipation of the upcoming treaty.
Signatories from each country were dispatched to Tokyo to sign the treaty repatriating the
lost provinces.
[edit] Viet Nam Quoc Dan DangOn February 10, 1930, there was an uprising by Vietnamese
soldiers in the French colonial army's Yen Bai garrison. The Yên Bái mutiny was
sponsored by the Vi?t Nam Qu?c Dân Đ?ng (VNQDD). The VNQDD was the Vietnamese
Nationalist Party. The attack was the largest disturbance brewed up by the Can Vuong
monarchist restoration movement of the late 19th century. The aim of the revolt was to
inspire a wider uprising among the general populace in an attempt to overthrow the
colonial authority. The VNQDD had previously attempted to engage in clandestine activities
to undermine French rule, but increasing French scrutiny on their activities led to their
leadership group taking the risk of staging a large scale military attack in the Red River
Delta in northern Vietnam.
[edit] French-Thai War (1940–1941)Main article: French-Thai War
During World War II, Thailand took the opportunity of French weaknesses to reclaim
previously lost territories, resulting in the French-Thai War between October 1940 and 9
May 1941. The Thai forces generally did well on the ground, but Thai objectives in the war
were limited. In January, Vichy French naval forces decisively defeated Thai naval forces
in the Battle of Koh Chang. The war ended in May at the instigation of the Japanese, with
the French forced to concede territorial gains for Thailand.
[edit] World War IIMain article: Vietnam during World War II
In September 1940, during World War II, the newly created regime of Vichy France granted
Japan's demands for military access to Tonkin with the invasion of French Indochina (or
Vietnam Expedition). This allowed Japan better access to China in the Second Sino-Japanese
War against the forces of Chiang Kai-shek, but it was also part of Japan's strategy for
dominion over the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere.
Thailand took this opportunity of weakness to reclaim previously lost territories,
resulting in the French-Thai War between October 1940 and 9 May 1941.
On 9 March 1945, with France liberated, Germany in retreat, and the United States
ascendant in the Pacific, Japan decided to take complete control of Indochina. The
Japanese launched the Second French Indochina Campaign. The Japanese kept power in
Indochina until the news of their government's surrender came through in August.
[edit] First Indochina WarMain article: First Indochina War
After the war, France petitioned for the nullification of the 1938 Franco-Siamese Treaty
and attempted to reassert itself in the region, but came into conflict with the Viet Minh,
a coalition of Communist and Vietnamese nationalists under French-educated dissident Ho
Chi Minh. During World War II, the United States had supported the Viet Minh in resistance
against the Japanese; the group had been in control of the countryside since the French
gave way in March 1945.
American President Roosevelt and General Stilwell, privately made it adamantly clear that
the French were not to reacquire French Indochina, (modern day Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos)
after the war was over. Roosevelt offered Chiang Kai-shek the entire Indochina to be put
under Chinese rule. It was said that Chiang Kai-shek replied: "Under no
circumstances!".[4]
After the war, 200,000 Chinese troops under General Lu Han were sent by Chiang Kai-shek
invaded northern Indochina north of the 16th parallel to accept the surrender of Japanese
occupying forces, and remained there until 1946.[5] The Chinese used the VNQDD, the
Vietnamese branch of the Chinese Kuomintang, to increase their influence in Indochina and
put pressure on their opponents.[6] Chiang Kai-shek threatened the French with war in
response to manoeuvering by the French and Ho Chi Minh against each other, forcing them to
come to a peace agreement, and in February 1946 he also forced the French to surrender all
of their concessions in China and renounce their extraterritorial privileges in exchange
for withdrawing from northern Indochina and allowing French troops to reoccupy the region
starting in March 1946.[7][8][9][10]
After persuading Emperor B?o Đ?i to abdicate in his favour, on September 2, 1945
President Ho declared independence for the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. But before
September's end, a force of British and French soldiers, along with captured Japanese
troops, restored French control. Bitter fighting ensued in the First Indochina War. In
1950 Ho again declared an independent Democratic Republic of Vietnam, which was recognized
by the fellow Communist governments of China and the Soviet Union. Fighting lasted until
March 1954, when the Viet Minh won the decisive victory against French forces at the
gruelling Battle of Dien Bien Phu.
Indochina in 1954.[edit] Geneva AgreementsOn April 27, 1954, the Geneva Conference
produced the Geneva Agreements; supporting the territorial integrity and sovereignty of
Indochina, granting it independence from France, declaring the cessation of hostilities
and foreign involvement in internal Indochina affairs, delineating northern and southern
zones into which opposing troops were to withdraw, they mandated unification on the basis
of internationally supervised free elections to be held in July 1956.[1] It also settled a
number of outstanding disputes relating to the Korean War[citation needed]. It was at this
conference that France relinquished any claim to territory in the Indochinese peninsula.
Neither the U.S. nor South Vietnam signed the Geneva Accords. South Vietnamese leader Diem
rejected the idea of nationwide election as proposed in the agreement, saying that a free
election was impossible in the communist North and that his government was not bound by
the Geneva Accords.
The events of 1954 marked the beginnings of serious involvement in Vietnam by the United
States which led to the Vietnam War. Laos and Cambodia also became independent in 1954,
but were both drawn into the Vietnam War.
[edit] See also
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